Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal condition associated with learning disabilities. It is caused by a chromosomal abnormality: An accident in cell development results in 47 instead of the usual 46 chromosomes. This extra chromosome changes the orderly development of the body and brain. The diagnosis of Down syndrome is made according to results from a chromosome test administered shortly after birth or though an antenatal test called an amniocentesis. Approximately 1 in 800 births are affected.

Characteristics

There are over 50 clinical signs of Down syndrome, but it is rare to find all or even most of them in one person. Some common characteristics include:

• Poor muscle tone;


• Slanting eyes with folds of skin at the inner corners (called epicanthal folds);


• White flecks within the iris, squint or eye tremors,


• Hyperflexibility (excessive ability to extend the joints);


• Short, broad hands with a single crease across the palm on one or both hands;


• Late in walking,


• Broad feet with short toes;


• Flat bridge of the nose;


• Small, low-set ears;


• Short neck;


• Small head; with flattened skull at the back,


• Shorter height, excessive weight gain in adulthood,


• Small oral cavity; deep furrows in the tongue and/or


• Short, high-pitched cries in infancy.

Besides having a distinct physical appearance, children with Down syndrome frequently have specific health-related problems. A lowered resistance to infection makes these children more prone to respiratory problems. Visual problems, and mild to moderate hearing loss and speech difficulty. Some individuals have related heart and neck problems.

Educational and developmental Implications

Early in their child’s development, parents should seek the help of physiotherapists, occupational therapists and psychologists to develop a programme which will provide special instruction in teaching their child language, cognitive, self-help, and social skills, and specific exercises for gross and fine motor development. Address any behavioural issues which may arise.

Teaching tasks in a step-by-step manner with frequent reinforcement and consistent feedback has been proven a successful method to aid these children in reaching their full potential.